Endnotes
Improvisation
1 Lewis, George E. A power stronger than itself, p.102.
2 Coleman, Ornette. 1995. “Introduction to Harmolodics” (Promotional video for his album “Tone Dialing,” 11 minutes, 14 seconds), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MO-RqnrLVcE
3 Lewis, George E. A power stronger than itself, p. 97.
4 National Museum of African American History and Culture. “The Black Panther Party: Challenging Police and Promoting Social Change.” Accessed April 27, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/black-panther-party-challenging-police-and-promoting-social-change.
5 Kelley, Robin D. G. Freedom Dreams, p. 62.
6 Ruderman, Evan “Both Directions at once: Free Jazz’s Dual Ventures into Musical Experimentation and Political Involvement.” Interpolations, Fall 2019. https://english.umd.edu/research-innovation/journals/interpolations/fall-2019/both-directions-once-free-jazzs-dual-ventures.
7 DJ Tom. “Black Liberation Philosophy and the History of Free Jazz,” kvrx.org Features, June 8, 2020. https://kvrx.org/app/blog/features/black-liberation-philosophy-and-the-history-of-free-jazz/
8 Shepp, Archie “Malcolm, Malcolm - Semper Malcolm,” Fire Music, Track B1.
Political Organizations
1 Street, Joe, “The Historiography of the Black Panther Party” p. 374.
2 ibid, p.369.
3 Sundar Pemmaraju, “Interview with Graham Haynes.”
4 Curtis, Edward, “The Nation of Islam” p. 658.
5 Interview with Richard Brent, https://www.jerryjazzmusician.com/interview-with-richard-brent-turner-author-of-soundtrack-to-a-movement-african-american-islam-jazz-and-black-internationalism/
Musical organizations
1 Kelley, “Dig They Freedom,” p. 24.
2 Quinn, “The AACM: A Promise,” Downbeat Magazine, 1968. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/DownBeat/Yearbooks/Downbeat-Yearbook-1968.pdf
3 McElfresh, “Interview with Julius Hemphill,” p. 48.
4 Cook, “Is Space Still the Place?" https://www.propellermag.com/June2014/CookSunRaJune14.html#:~:text=The%20rooftop%20performance%20is%20documented,Knowledge%20is%E2%80%A6
5 Kelley, “Dig They Freedom,” p. 18.
community and creativity
1 Radano, Ronald M. "Jazzin' the classics,” p. 80.
2 ibid.